本次GB/T 4334標準的修訂，將標準名稱變更為《金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》，通過名稱明確了上述體系中各標準的適用范圍，便于使用和實施。同時，廢除了方法D—不銹鋼硝酸-氫氟酸腐蝕試驗方法，增加了方法F—銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸腐蝕試驗方法和方法G—40%硫酸-硫酸鐵腐蝕試驗方法，修改了敏化制度和彎曲實驗參數等技術指標。通過本次修訂，提高了不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法標準的科學性、經濟性和實用性，有助于指導和規范高鉻鉬奧氏體不銹(xiu)鋼及雙相不銹鋼生產和驗收，有助于提高我國不銹鋼產品的技術性能、安全可靠性及環保性能。 前不久，由冶金工業信息標準研究院組織的GB/T 4334《金屬和合金的腐蝕不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》等兩項國家標準和一項國家標準外文版審定會在江蘇無錫順利召開。經過兩輪會議評審的GB/T 4334確定了最終的送審稿。私作為該分技術委員會的委員，全程參與了該標準的修訂過程，下面就為各位提前“劇透”下更新版的主要修改內容。“劇透”的主要目的是為了向小伙伴們闡明專家組對于各修訂之處的原因和意圖，便于大家更好地理解更新版標準的改動之處。預計更新版標準將于2020年正式發布實施，希望屆時都能夠更好地執行。
1. 淘汰落后的硝酸-氫氟酸法
我(wo)國GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)(zhong)的D法(fa)(fa)——不(bu)銹鋼(gang)硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫氟酸(suan)試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)(fa)最早(zao)于1984年修改采(cai)用(yong)(yong)自日本(ben)的JIS G 0574-1980。美國ASTM A262的早(zao)期版本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)也包(bao)含了硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫氟酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)，但(dan)在(zai)1993年以(yi)后的版本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)此(ci)(ci)(ci)法(fa)(fa)遭到淘汰(tai)，隨后日本(ben)也廢除了JIS G 0574，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)當(dang)前其他各國標準中(zhong)(zhong)均無此(ci)(ci)(ci)方法(fa)(fa)。硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫氟酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有如(ru)下特(te)(te)(te)點：不(bu)銹鋼(gang)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)試(shi)驗(yan)溶液中(zhong)(zhong)的腐蝕電位處在(zai)活化(hua)-鈍化(hua)區(qu)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)會伴有嚴(yan)重(zhong)的全(quan)面腐蝕。所以(yi)，試(shi)樣必須(xu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)參照(zhao)試(shi)樣，借助腐蝕速率比(bi)值的評定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)來篩除全(quan)面腐蝕的干擾影響。此(ci)(ci)(ci)外，試(shi)驗(yan)時的溫度(du)為70°C而(er)不(bu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)沸騰，控制相(xiang)對(dui)不(bu)便(bian)；試(shi)驗(yan)溶液含有劇毒的氫氟酸(suan)，不(bu)能使用(yong)(yong)常規的玻璃容(rong)器，而(er)需采(cai)用(yong)(yong)耐硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)和氫氟酸(suan)腐蝕的特(te)(te)(te)制塑料容(rong)器，這些因(yin)(yin)素都在(zai)一定(ding)程度(du)上影響了該方法(fa)(fa)，導致(zhi)該方法(fa)(fa)幾(ji)乎從未被廣泛使用(yong)(yong)過。由于硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫氟酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)的這些特(te)(te)(te)點，這一方法(fa)(fa)在(zai)國標GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)(zhong)名存實亡，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)更新版標準將該方法(fa)(fa)廢除。
2. 新(xin)增兩(liang)個實驗方法使適用范圍(wei)進一步擴大(da)
GB/T 4334-2008修改采用自ISO 3651-1,3651-2。但是只保留了ISO 3651-1中的硝酸法和ISO 3651-2中A法——銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法。而對于ISO 3651-2中B 法——銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法則并未納入，此外，GB/T 4334-2008方法B名義上由ISO 3651-2中C法變更而來，實際相對于早期版本并無實質變化。GB/T 4334 的早期版本GB/T 4334.1~5-1980 和GB/T 4334.1~5-2000 最早非等效采用日本標準JIS G 0571~0575。而在1999年，日本對這幾個標準進行了較大的修改，由原先的ASTM體系逐漸向ISO體系靠攏。JIS G 0575-1999在原先銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法的基礎上，增加了銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法，JIS G 0572-2006將原來與ASTM A262中B法等同的50%硫酸-硫酸鐵法變更成與ISO等效的40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。這兩項變化使日本晶間腐蝕標準的適用范圍得到了較大的擴展，即適用范圍由僅適用于奧氏體不銹鋼進一步擴大到了雙相不銹鋼。但我國標準從2000版到2008 版內容卻無實質變化。根據GB/T 4334-2008的前言所述，與相應ISO標準相比，本標準方法C的適用范圍不包括雙相不銹鋼；方法B適用范圍不包括鐵素體不銹鋼。但實際上，在GB/T 4334-2008正文的第一章“范圍”中，方法A、B、C和D所明確指定的適用范圍都僅局限于奧氏體不銹鋼。在GB/T 4334-2008中，僅方法E明確指出“適用于奧氏體、奧氏體-鐵素體不銹鋼…”。這種情況下，對于雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試樣方法選擇范圍過于單一。此外，GB/T 4334-2008在方法A中列出了一些不銹鋼牌號所適用的晶間腐蝕試驗方法，這些牌號都是Cr含量全部低于20%的300系不銹鋼。對于Cr、Mo含量更高的奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼都沒有相應的說明，這在我國超級不銹鋼發展日益成熟的今天顯然有些過時。硫酸-硫酸銅法中決定其腐蝕性的主要是硫酸濃度，對于用在不太惡劣環境下的300系不銹鋼，如304不銹鋼、316不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼等，16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法已被廣泛證明是合適的。但是，對用于更惡劣環境下的高鉻、鉬不銹鋼，采用16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法檢驗晶間腐蝕的結果往往與工程實際不符合。此時，一般應選用更高濃度的硫酸。美、日、俄及ISO標準中都包含了更高濃度的硫酸-硫酸銅法，鑒于我國超級不銹鋼使用的日益廣泛，將更高濃度的硫酸法納入標準已顯得非常迫切。 當前，由于我國標準體系在高鉻鉬含量不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法方面的不夠完善，導致國內部分不銹鋼產品在晶間腐蝕檢驗時面臨無相關國家標準可依的窘境，而只能選用國際標準。例如，針對雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕檢驗，GB/T 21433-2008《不銹鋼壓力容器晶間腐蝕敏感性檢驗》就不得不引用了ISO 3651-(1~2)。 鑒于近年來不銹鋼產業在我國的迅猛發展，將適用于高鉻鉬含量奧氏體不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗方法納入不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗標準顯得日益迫切。結合國外標準及我國對晶間腐蝕試驗方法的使用情況，本次標準的修訂將在GB/T 4334-2008的基礎上增加銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法及40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。
3. 對取樣和制備、試(shi)驗報告(gao)進(jin)行了部分調整
GB/T 31935-2015及GB/T 32571-2016內容中關于“取(qu)樣(yang)和(he)(he)(he)制備(bei)”及“試驗報(bao)告”部(bu)(bu)分(fen)參考了GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，并同時進行了很好的(de)(de)(de)改進，體現了“先(xian)進性(xing)(xing)(xing)、科學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)合理性(xing)(xing)(xing)”；本次(ci)GB/T 4334的(de)(de)(de)修訂在(zai)“取(qu)樣(yang)和(he)(he)(he)制備(bei)”及“試驗報(bao)告”部(bu)(bu)分(fen)與上述兩(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)進行了適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)等同，既保證了本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進性(xing)(xing)(xing)，同時又使不(bu)同類型(xing)不(bu)銹鋼的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕試驗取(qu)樣(yang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)得(de)到了統(tong)一。此外，對(dui)于彎(wan)曲(qu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)樣(yang)根據(ju)GB/T 4338-2008標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)在(zai)實際使用(yong)過程中遇到的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)以(yi)及多方意見增加(jia)了附注(zhu)，即“對(dui)于較厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)試樣(yang)，若無(wu)法(fa)彎(wan)曲(qu)兩(liang)個(ge)被檢驗面(mian)，則可取(qu)兩(liang)組各兩(liang)個(ge)試樣(yang)。取(qu)樣(yang)時標(biao)(biao)記(ji)出各試樣(yang)相同的(de)(de)(de)某一樣(yang)面(mian)。試驗后(hou)，兩(liang)組試樣(yang)分(fen)別彎(wan)曲(qu)被標(biao)(biao)記(ji)面(mian)和(he)(he)(he)未標(biao)(biao)記(ji)面(mian)”，增加(jia)了標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)實用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)可操作性(xing)(xing)(xing)。
4. 對敏化制度進行了部分調整(zheng)
早期的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)為美、俄(e)兩(liang)個體系標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，其敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)均為 2h，20世紀70年代后均改為1h，說(shuo)明(ming)2h偏長。根據合肥通用(yong)(yong)機械(xie)研(yan)究院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分析(xi)，8mm左右(you)厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)18-8鋼板，正常焊(han)條(tiao)電弧(hu)焊(han)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)約不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過鋼板試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣經(jing)650°C敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)15min的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般認為GB/T 4334-2008標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)650°C保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)兩(liang)小時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)是相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較(jiao)嚴苛的(de)(de)(de)，該參數最早也(ye)(ye)源自日本(ben)JIS G 0571~0575-1980。但日標在(zai)(zai)1999年的(de)(de)(de)修訂版(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)就將敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與ISO進行了(le)等同，從而(er)將敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短了(le)。GB/T 4334.2-2000、GB/T 4334.3-2000、GB/T 4334.4-2000對(dui)(dui)(dui)低(di)碳和(he)(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出規(gui)定(ding)(ding)后，都另外說(shuo)明(ming)“根據雙方(fang)(fang)協(xie)議，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)其他(ta)(ta)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，而(er)在(zai)(zai)GB/T 4334.1-2000和(he)(he)GB/T 4334.5-2000中(zhong)(zhong)，卻(que)(que)沒有(you)關于(yu)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)。到了(le)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)，則把所(suo)有(you)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)統一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)為“對(dui)(dui)(dui)超(chao)低(di)碳鋼（碳含(han)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)0.03%）和(he)(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋼種(zhong)(zhong)（添加鈦(tai)或鈮），敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為650℃，壓力加工試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)2h，鑄(zhu)件保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)1 h，空(kong)冷(leng)。”而(er)無供(gong)(gong)(gong)需雙方(fang)(fang)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)條(tiao)款(kuan)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，從各工業企業反饋的(de)(de)(de)意見來(lai)看，普遍認為這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)限(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)過于(yu)死板，導致(zhi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)沒有(you)任何(he)調整空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。而(er)實際(ji)上，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)同牌號、不(bu)(bu)同合金含(han)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼，其第二相析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)感溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是有(you)差異的(de)(de)(de)，將敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)限(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個固(gu)定(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)顯然不(bu)(bu)夠合理，美國ASTM A262標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)為650~675°C，同時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)允許供(gong)(gong)(gong)需雙方(fang)(fang)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及隨后冷(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，ISO及日本(ben)JIS標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)了(le)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)選擇。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)，將敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)嚴格限(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)明(ming)顯地違背了(le)科學性(xing)(xing)原則。 可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看到： (1) ASTM A262僅強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為650~675°C，對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，但是推(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，即(ji) 675°C，保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)1h； (2) ISO 3651-2提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)了(le)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)選的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及冷(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)均做出了(le)明(ming)確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)； (3) JIS G 0575推(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，但特別說(shuo)明(ming)“經(jing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需雙方(fang)(fang)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)其他(ta)(ta)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”； (4) GB/T 4334-2008強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)執行一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，即(ji)“650°C，壓力加試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)2h，鑄(zhu)件保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)1h，空(kong)冷(leng)”。 此(ci)外，美國ASTM A262在(zai)(zai)銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法中(zhong)(zhong)，特別說(shuo)明(ming)除(chu)非需方(fang)(fang)特別聲明(ming)，否則可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)A法替代本(ben)法，同時(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)ISO標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，這(zhe)表明(ming) ASTM標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)ISO標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)也(ye)(ye)是認可(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此(ci)，針對(dui)(dui)(dui)晶(jing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)更新(xin)版(ban)不(bu)(bu)再作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，考慮到國內(nei)長期以(yi)來(lai)一(yi)(yi)些設計選材(cai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)連續性(xing)(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼維持推(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)雙相不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼，已有(you)大(da)(da)量(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)研(yan)究表明(ming)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)往(wang)往(wang)造成試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)非晶(jing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)開裂(lie)，從而(er)增(zeng)加大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)鑒定(ding)(ding)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)，因(yin)此(ci)我們推(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)更加廣泛的(de)(de)(de)ISO3651-2的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)其他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼，則規(gui)定(ding)(ding)“試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣是否需要(yao)(yao)(yao)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理和(he)(he)采(cai)(cai)取何(he)種(zhong)(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，由產品標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)或供(gong)(gong)(gong)需雙方(fang)(fang)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)確定(ding)(ding)”。
5. 對(dui)65%硝(xiao)酸法(fa)所用硝(xiao)酸濃(nong)度添(tian)加注釋(shi)說(shuo)明
此前(qian)研究表明(ming)，硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)對試驗結(jie)果影響較(jiao)大。對于(yu)(yu)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)配制(zhi)，老版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)有專門說(shuo)明(ming)。如果按(an)要求(qiu)配制(zhi)65%±0.2%確實比較(jiao)困(kun)難，需(xu)要通過滴定(ding)(ding)來配制(zhi)，對于(yu)(yu)企業來說(shuo)存在(zai)困(kun)難。更新版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)將在(zai)文末添(tian)加(jia)(jia)“（ρ20=1.40g/mL）”以表示可以采(cai)用(yong)(yong)比重法間接測(ce)定(ding)(ding)所(suo)配溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)是(shi)否符合要求(qiu)。 此外，從該方(fang)法的(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)配制(zhi)過程反饋(kui)的(de)情況(kuang)看，有些企業和單位(wei)會(hui)參照美國ASTM A262中的(de)配制(zhi)方(fang)法（比率為(wei)每升(sheng)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)108mL水(shui)）配制(zhi)。但這在(zai)我(wo)國國情下是(shi)不可取的(de)。美標(biao)(biao)的(de)配制(zhi)方(fang)法本身沒有問題，問題在(zai)于(yu)(yu)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)并不相同(tong)。國際(ji)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)ISO和美國ASTM標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中對于(yu)(yu)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)69%~71%;而我(wo)國GB/T 626中對于(yu)(yu)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)65%~68%。即所(suo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)初始(shi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)就不一(yi)致，如果使用(yong)(yong)我(wo)國生產的(de)符合GB/T 626的(de)濃(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)去按(an)照美國ASTM A626中的(de)配制(zhi)方(fang)法配出的(de)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)將明(ming)顯低于(yu)(yu)65%。遂(sui)在(zai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)更新版(ban)中添(tian)加(jia)(jia)一(yi)了段注釋：“本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)（質量分(fen)數(shu)(shu)65%~68%），與(yu)美國ASTM A262所(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)（質量分(fen)數(shu)(shu)69%~71%）不同(tong)，不能采(cai)用(yong)(yong)ASTM A262所(suo)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)的(de)配制(zhi)方(fang)式來配制(zhi)本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)用(yong)(yong)65%硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)。”
6. 對彎曲(qu)法的參數(shu)進(jin)行了修改
GB/T 4334自(zi)從第一(yi)(yi)版以來(lai)，就(jiu)有(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)專家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)中銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)相(xiang)比國(guo)外(wai)過于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴苛(ke)，導致對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭議一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)。GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定如下(xia)：“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°，焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟(zhou)形(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿垂直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)沿熔(rong)合(he)線進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。鑄(zhu)鋼(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)90°。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)，當試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1mm；當試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5mm。”這一(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)定最早(zao)沿用(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)GB 4334.5-1990。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識是(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果影響較(jiao)小，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)便而(er)(er)統一(yi)(yi)成兩(liang)個壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)。 然而(er)(er)，近年(nian)來(lai)無論是(shi)理(li)(li)論計算(suan)還是(shi)實際實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)都(dou)表(biao)明壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果有(you)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。尤其(qi)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)且本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)往往會出現試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)而(er)(er)導致開裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，從而(er)(er)增(zeng)加了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)相(xiang)檢(jian)測工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。例如大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)究表(biao)明，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)(ben)身較(jiao)差(cha)，即使(shi)不(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，許多材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)稍厚(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai)(bai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)按(an)GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)到180°也(ye)(ye)(ye)會由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)變形(xing)超過其(qi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)導致開裂(lie)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這類低(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，ASTM標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)特意(yi)聲明，不(bu)須(xu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)180°，而(er)(er)是(shi)通過未經(jing)(jing)(jing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai)(bai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)來(lai)獲得該(gai)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)產(chan)生冷(leng)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)裂(lie)紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，并以此(ci)(ci)(ci)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)后試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)來(lai)評定試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)否產(chan)生晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)開裂(lie)。ISO 3651-2對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)倍，鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°。 此(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai)，我國(guo)鎳基(ji)合(he)金(jin)晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)GB/T 15260-2016對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定是(shi)，“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)半(ban)徑(jing)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)倍，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，與此(ci)(ci)(ci)同(tong)時(shi)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)特別說明“對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，應(ying)通過彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)個與被試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)相(xiang)同(tong)材(cai)(cai)質及(ji)形(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai)(bai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)決定不(bu)發(fa)生裂(lie)紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，這與ASTM A262是(shi)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)專家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，而(er)(er)并非嚴苛(ke)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。當前GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)過于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴苛(ke)，導致了(le)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)該(gai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中方(fang)(fang)法(fa)E往往增(zeng)加了(le)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后期檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)，方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)因此(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)(da)降低(di)，遠不(bu)能滿足當前工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。因此(ci)(ci)(ci)，結合(he)眾多專家意(yi)見(jian)及(ji)文獻，參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)考(kao)ASTM A262、ISO 3651-2以及(ji)我國(guo)GB/T 15260對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)更(geng)改(gai)(gai)非常(chang)有(you)必(bi)要(yao)。 本(ben)(ben)次彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)改(gai)(gai)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)照(zhao)ISO標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)修(xiu)改(gai)(gai)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°。鑄(zhu)鋼(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°，焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟(zhou)形(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿垂直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)沿熔(rong)合(he)線進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)低(di)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)個未經(jing)(jing)(jing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)確定其(qi)不(bu)發(fa)生開裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，以此(ci)(ci)(ci)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。”在(zai)(zai)GB/T 4334-2008版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，保(bao)留了(le)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)定彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)由(you)(you)原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)180°變為(wei)(wei)(wei)“不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°”，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)考(kao)慮到焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)，當前工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)90°彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)90°變為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°求(qiu)兼(jian)容了(le)此(ci)(ci)(ci)前版本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。 此(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai)，還針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)低(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)特別說明。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)次變更(geng)“對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)應(ying)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2倍；對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)鋼(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)應(ying)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍”，這與ISO標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等同(tong)。相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)ASTM標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)需要(yao)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)每個厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)原來(lai)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)，在(zai)(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定下(xia)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力加工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)言適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等低(di)塑(su)(su)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)1.25mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。
7. 對(dui)標準名(ming)稱(cheng)進(jin)行了變更
近年來，由于鐵素(su)體不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕標準GB/T 31935-2015《金屬和合金的腐蝕 低鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》、GB/T 32571-2016《金屬和合金的腐蝕 高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》先后發布，對于鐵素體不銹鋼而言已經有了獨立的晶間腐蝕試驗標準體系，所以GB/T 4334-2008《金屬和合金的腐蝕 不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》這一名稱已明顯不合適，本次修訂后，GB/T 4334的適用范圍將包括奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼，遂將標準名稱改成“金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法”。
