壓力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)故(gu)類(lei)型可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)泄漏兩(liang)大(da)(da)類(lei)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)按(an)原因來分(fen)又可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)化學性(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)和(he)物(wu)理性(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)兩(liang)種。容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內部介(jie)質因劇烈(lie)化學反(fan)應（包括燃(ran)燒）控引(yin)起(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)稱為(wei)(wei)化學性(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)故(gu)；容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內部因介(jie)質壓力(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)使(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)受(shou)(shou)壓部件的(de)(de)(de)(de)應力(li)(li)(li)達到材料強度的(de)(de)(de)(de)極限(xian)值所(suo)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)故(gu)稱為(wei)(wei)物(wu)理性(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)故(gu)。壓力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在運行中由于超(chao)壓、過熱，或(huo)腐蝕、磨(mo)損，易使(shi)受(shou)(shou)壓元(yuan)件難(nan)以承受(shou)(shou)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、撕(si)裂等事(shi)故(gu)。壓力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)故(gu)后，不(bu)但會(hui)(hui)造成設備損壞，而(er)還(huan)會(hui)(hui)波及周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備、建筑和(he)人群。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)直(zhi)接產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碎片(pian)能(neng)飛(fei)出數(shu)百米遠(yuan)，能(neng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊波，破(po)壞力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)殺傷力(li)(li)(li)極大(da)(da)。壓力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、撕(si)裂等重(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)故(gu)后，有(you)毒物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量(liang)外溢會(hui)(hui)造成人畜中毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)性(xing)(xing)事(shi)故(gu)。而(er)可(ke)燃(ran)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量(liang)泄漏，還(huan)會(hui)(hui)引(yin)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)火災和(he)二次爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)故(gu)，后果也十分(fen)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。浙(zhe)江至德鋼業有(you)限(xian)公司從圧力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)常用(yong)鋼材出發，詳(xiang)細論(lun)述(shu)組織結構與(yu)氫脆之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系，希望能(neng)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)科研起(qi)到一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)借鑒作(zuo)用(yong)。

 由于壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)是一(yi)種(zhong)特殊的(de)設(she)備，因(yin)此(ci)用(yong)于制造(zao)壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)材(cai)料主要為鋼(gang)材(cai)。壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)選材(cai)是一(yi)個復(fu)雜(za)的(de)問題(ti)，鋼(gang)材(cai)的(de)種(zhong)類會(hui)對壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)安全性(xing)、壽(shou)命和設(she)備價格有直接的(de)影(ying)響。

 壓力容器對鋼(gang)材有如下三項基本要求：

1. 高(gao)強度

   材料強度(du)是保(bao)證壓力容器(qi)安全、可(ke)靠使(shi)用的基本條件(jian)。高強度(du)可(ke)以減少(shao)材料用量，這在經濟上也(ye)比較合理。

2. 良好的焊(han)接性(xing)

   壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器的特點決(jue)定(ding)了焊接是(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器制造中主(zhu)要(yao)的連接方法。這使得良好的焊接性對保證壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器的安(an)全性有重要(yao)的意義。

3. 良(liang)好(hao)的(de)沖擊(ji)韌(ren)性

  通過對壓(ya)力容器事故的分析發(fa)現，大多數的事故原(yuan)因是材(cai)料(liao)發(fa)生脆性(xing)斷裂(lie)。而良好的韌(ren)性(xing)是防止壓(ya)力容器發(fa)生脆性(xing)破壞的重要因素(su)。