金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)，對(dui)研制和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、改進材(cai)料(liao)(liao)質(zhi)量、限度(du)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)(xuan)用適當的(de)許用應力(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)(fen)析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)合理以及使用維護的(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)少的(de)手段(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)表(biao)征(zheng))。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)基本任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)確(que)地(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)用檢測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)，確(que)定合理的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju)(ju)，并準(zhun)確(que)而盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地(di)(di)測(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)這種判(pan)據(ju)(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)方法(fa)和(he)(he)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)切表(biao)征(zheng)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)在使用(服役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)所(suo)表(biao)現的(de)行(xing)(xing)為,力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應盡量接(jie)近實(shi)(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(利用試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)進行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi))外，近年來(lai)又發(fa)(fa)展出(chu)(chu)模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)驗，即應用機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或(huo)甚至(zhi)使用真實(shi)(shi)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)進行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)試(shi)(shi)驗。通(tong)(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)驗所(suo)得到的(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使用性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng))判(pan)據(ju)(ju)，能(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)(shi)反映工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具(ju)(ju)有重大的(de)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)際意義(yi)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)驗般缺乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應用受到限制。然而根(gen)據(ju)(ju)具(ju)(ju)體情況，進行(xing)(xing)部分(fen)(fen)模(mo)擬(ni)服役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十分(fen)(fen)必要的(de)。 試(shi)(shi)驗設(she)備、試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)形狀、尺寸和(he)(he)加(jia)工(gong)方法(fa)、加(jia)荷(he)速率、溫度(du)、介(jie)質(zhi)等，均影響金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只有采用相同的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗方法(fa)標準(zhun)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)(ke)比(bi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)確(que)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)和(he)(he)執行(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)，是(shi)(shi)確(que)保(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量的(de)要條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong) 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)所表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為和(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。由于作(zuo)用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態等(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態所處環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現出(chu)各(ge)種不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強度(du)等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高低(di)，通(tong)常用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據來表征，如(ru)(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)強度(du) 、伸長率、沖擊韌度(du)、疲(pi)勞限等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)復雜(za)，因而(er)(er)，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)也(ye)是復雜(za)而(er)(er)多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)數很多，常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)度(du) 室溫(wen)、高溫(wen)、低(di)溫(wen)和(he)(he)按(an)照定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓縮、彎曲、扭轉、剪切、復合應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)(xiang)、徑向(xiang)(xiang)、表面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真(zhen)空、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐(fu)蝕(shi)介質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高壓、腐(fu)蝕(shi)、核輻照、宇宙空間等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)率)低(di)速(su)、中速(su)、高速(su)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)高速(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循(xun)環(huan)(huan)頻率 低(di)頻、中頻、高頻、超(chao)(chao)低(di)頻、超(chao)(chao)高頻等(deng)(deng)； G 時間 瞬間、短(duan)時、長時、超(chao)(chao)短(duan)時、超(chao)(chao)長時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)形(xing)狀 般、小、大、棒狀、板狀、管(guan)狀、絲狀、薄膜、環(huan)(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊(shu)形(xing)狀、帶缺口(kou)、帶預制(zhi)裂紋或缺陷(xian)、模型、實物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。 根(gen)據上述參(can)(can)數，已(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)下(xia)(xia)述主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法(fa):抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲(pi)勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)工藝(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)(ru)杯突、擴(kuo)口(kou)、反復彎曲、鋼管(guan)壓扁(bian)、鋼絲纏繞(rao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)是門(men)綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無線(xian)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子(zi)計(ji)算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數字顯示技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺服控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代無損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀器儀表制(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密(mi)切相關。60年代以來,由于這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進成(cheng)就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)用到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)中去(qu)，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)顯著提高，基本上可實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參(can)(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)圖(tu)表化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)(xiang)著無惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)盤(pan)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)用電(dian)子(zi)計(ji)算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)邁進。
