全球(qiu)核(he)(he)能(neng)系統已發展(zhan)至四代(dai)，我國核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)裝備發展(zhan)歷經(jing)30余年，從獨(du)(du)立探索(suo)、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)引 進到實現自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)研制。相(xiang)比(bi)傳統石(shi)化能(neng)源和其(qi)他(ta)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)具備清(qing)潔、低排放、 輸出穩定等優勢。自(zi)(zi)20世紀50年代(dai)至今，目前(qian)全球(qiu)已發展(zhan)四代(dai)核(he)(he)能(neng)系統，逐步向(xiang)更(geng) 加安全、可(ke)持續方向(xiang)發展(zhan)。我國核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)經(jing)歷了從獨(du)(du)立探索(suo)向(xiang)引進國外先(xian)進技(ji)術(shu)(shu)及自(zi)(zi)主(zhu) 化轉(zhuan)變，目前(qian)已掌握(wo)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)三代(dai)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。

  目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)運行(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)遠(yuan)低于(yu)美國(guo)(guo)、法國(guo)(guo)，在(zai)建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)規模位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)居(ju)世(shi)界首位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。根 據World Nuclear Association、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)能行(xing)業(ye)協會(hui)、中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯數據，截至(zhi)2022年(nian)(nian)9月底， 全(quan)球已運行(xing)的(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中(zhong)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)居(ju)全(quan)球第三(san)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，但與前(qian)兩名(ming)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)相比， 核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)差(cha)距較(jiao)大(da)，其(qi)中(zhong)法國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)1.1倍(bei)，美國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang) 是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)近1.7倍(bei)。在(zai)建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規模方面，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)建(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)量(liang)(liang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)居(ju)全(quan)球首位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，且遠(yuan)高于(yu)其(qi) 他國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，2010-2021年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)均新(xin)增核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)規模約4000MW。

  從核(he)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規劃(hua)來看，目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我國(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)缺口(kou)(kou)較(jiao)大，未來5-10年有(you)望持續(xu)建設(she)。根(gen) 據(ju)中電(dian)(dian)聯《電(dian)(dian)力行業“十(shi)四五(wu)”發展規劃(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)》，2025年我國(guo)將實現核(he)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji) 70000MW的(de)目(mu)標。根(gen)據(ju)中國(guo)核(he)能協會數據(ju)，在(zai)已投(tou)運方面，截至(zhi)2022年9月(yue)，我國(guo) 運行核(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組共(gong)有(you)54臺，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容量約(yue)(yue)55806MW。因此，當前(qian)(qian)我國(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)政(zheng)策 需(xu)求缺口(kou)(kou)總計約(yue)(yue)14194MW。根(gen)據(ju)World Nuclear Association數據(ju)，截至(zhi)2022年12月(yue)， 我國(guo)在(zai)建核(he)電(dian)(dian)規模總計約(yue)(yue)22867MW，參考(kao)在(zai)建核(he)電(dian)(dian)項目(mu)建設(she)規劃(hua)，核(he)電(dian)(dian)開工至(zhi)并網 通(tong)常需(xu)要(yao)5年左右。總體來看，預(yu)計未來5年我國(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)建設(she)規模空間較(jiao)大、持續(xu)性強。

  蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)器是(shi)(shi)核(he)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)關鍵設備，對核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)安全運(yun)行十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要。根據姜素云《核(he) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)蒸(zheng)發(fa)器用(yong)傳熱(re)管生(sheng)產工藝簡介》，在核(he)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)器的(de)(de)主要作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)管 束的(de)(de)換熱(re)作用(yong)產生(sheng)高(gao)品質(zhi)(zhi)干燥蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，通(tong)過(guo)主蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管道來驅動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由 于(yu)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一回路(lu)冷卻劑(ji)流經堆芯帶(dai)有(you)放(fang)射(she)性，因此蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)器也用(yong)于(yu)防止放(fang)射(she)性物質(zhi)(zhi) 外泄。壓水堆核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)非計(ji)劃停(ting)堆次數中(zhong)約有(you)四分(fen)之一與蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)器問題有(you)關，因 此蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)器對核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)安全運(yun)行十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要。

  核電蒸發器用 U型傳熱管主要作用是隔離和傳熱，材料可靠性要求高。

   1. 作用(yong)(yong)： 核電蒸發器用(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)熱(re)管(guan)均選用(yong)(yong) U 型管(guan)，核心作用(yong)(yong)是隔離和傳(chuan)熱(re)，即在內表面流通的是 帶放射性的熱(re)量(liang)較(jiao)高的一回路(lu)工質水，在外表面流通的是取自自然界的海水或河水 經(jing)必要處(chu)理的用(yong)(yong)來產(chan)生蒸汽(qi)的二回路(lu)工質水，通過它將一回路(lu)水的熱(re)能傳(chuan)導給二回 路(lu)水并使其變成蒸汽(qi)。

   3. 要(yao)求：其可靠性(xing)(xing)直接影響到核電(dian)廠(chang)的安(an)全性(xing)(xing)與經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)， 因此傳熱(re)管(guan)應具備下列性(xing)(xing)能(neng): 熱(re)強(qiang)性(xing)(xing)、熱(re)穩定性(xing)(xing)和熱(re)焊接性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好; 基體組織穩定、熱(re) 導(dao)率高、熱(re)膨(peng)脹系數小; 抗均勻腐蝕和抗局部腐蝕能(neng)力強(qiang); 具有足夠的塑性(xing)(xing)和韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)。